Do they get rid of the oversaturation of noise that phones are notorious for having when recording? Is the Yamaha EAD10 a better option in the long run?
Any of the mid level or upper level Zoom recorders--placed appropriately--should outperform your cell phone sonically. That just leaves variables of heads, tuning and room acoustics effecting overall sound quality.
I can't comment on the Yamaha EAD10 not having used it before.
Help me understand if your overall goal is to learn and master the recording process as it relates to drums--or--is it to record your playing for you to monitor your personal progress as a drummer? If it's the latter, the Zoom options are a nice price point to quality ratio for that purpose.
If you want to learn the recording process then you have to decide how deep you want to jump in. That would make more sense starting with a single USB mic and stand
if that is the extent of your budget. Take a look at the Audio-Technica AT2020-USB+ microphone. One or two of these would put you in the game of learning how to record. Are they studio quality microphones? No. Strictly entry level for podcast and content creators. But I sense budget is going to be a governing factor (it sure was for me when I was in high school).
Personally I would steer you towards socking your money away for a proper audio interface--even if only two channels--and two decent microphones, mic stands and quality XLR cables. But everyone has to start somewhere so it's your call how bad you want to jump in right now.
Stick to your budget.
I would recommend that you call Sweetwater Pro Audio and get assigned to a personal representative. Let them know that you're a drummer, you're in high school and what you're trying to accomplish on your budget. Your rep can walk you through some options and piece together a plan for your needs. You'll develop a relationship with your rep over time, just be open to listening to what he or she says. Their job isn't to sell you what you want but rather to direct you to what you need.
My two cents.