Let's see, basic punctuations you hear a lot are 4, & of 3, &-4, & of 2, & of 4, 1 (2)&, and 3 (4)&. At the top of a chorus, or the beginning of a solo you might hear 1--4, or 1-2 (a Tony thing), or 2-3 (a blues piano thing). A dotted quarter note (or 8th+4ter) cross rhythm starting on any beat, running for 2, 4, or 8 bars is a standard thing. I guess there are others. Most standard rhythms come from tunes and riffs, which you can learn by learning a lot of tunes (esp Charlie Parker, Monk, and famous bop tunes by other composers) and listening to a lot of Duke, Mingus, and multi-horn ensembles in general. And, seriously, everything played by Philly Joe and Red Garland on those Miles records. Those have been listened to so closely by so many people, they're basically a standardized language of comping.
So, the answer to your question is basically a body of stuff that everybody good knows and has listened to, and learned in whatever fashion-- rather than a collection of specific rhythms. Even if someone wrote down such a list of rhythms, the actual process is to learn tunes and listen to records and learn things you like because they sound good, and make your own list.